Taking stock of the students’ Progress with Dawa (till Chapter-5) through the Weekly Test on 15h May, 2016.

Last Monday, the students of standard-IX had their Weekly Test in English. I set the paper. As Mr.Tshering Dorji is dealing with all sections of standard-IX but one, I tried to make it as easy for him as I could. Correcting some 130 papers within a limited period of time is never easy. I told him that we would ask them 4 questions from the first 5 chapters of the novel each carrying 5 marks. The questions were:-

1.      How did Dawa lose his family?

Ans:- One day his mother took them to the garbage dump behind the restaurant. To their good fortune, there was a chunk of port lying there. As they were hungry, they started devouring the meat without much consideration for the youngest and weakest member of the family. Dawa was too weak to get on to the top of the heap and compete with his other siblings for the port. He waited restlessly down. He was very surprised therefore, to find his siblings along with his mother dropping down the heap like a rock falling of the cliff, with their mouths foaming and frothing. Then they lay still. Dawa waited for long for them to be awake. Then he realized that they were not going to wake up. Some wretched human had lacerated the port with poison. That is how Dawa lost his family.

2.      Briefly write what you know about Dampa or Moley.

Ans:- Dawa met Dampa, a small dog, for the first time when he was resting outside a tent during a party in Thimphu. This unusual looking dog with its muddy-coloured body and white neck caught Dawa’s notice with the swiftness with which he moved around and darted in and out of the tent meant for the VIPs with a mouthful. He had a heart shaped face with large eyes. Dampa also had spindly legs. Later on Dawa and Dampa became good friends. It was Dampa who asked to take his Dzongkha seriously as he had leadership aspirations. He also asked Dawa to learn the honorific terms from humans.

OR

Moley was one of the most ancient and wise dogs in Paro. Despite her age, she with her rheumy eyes, was beautiful as her name suggests – Beautiful Female. More than half of the dog population in Paro was claimed to have originated from her. It was Moley who directed Dawa to Thimphu. She liked Dawa a lot compared to the other dogs in town, as Dawa asked intelligent questions. Moley also requested Dawa to enlighten her with the stories of his travels beyond Paro, on his return.

3.      What story did Dawa invent about his lineage?

Ans:- Dawa began to wonder about his lineage after his rejection by Singyemo, the coquettish bitch, who left Dawa for Katu. After sometime, he made up the story that his great grandfather was a damchi from an aristocratic family in Lhasa. The day he was born, he was stolen by a vulture who took him up to his nest on a rock face. Bred as his great grandpa was on bird food, he did not grow in size. A sheepherder found him later on and presented him to the lady of the aristocratic family. The lady was so charmed with the small dog that the sheepherder was immediately made the chamberlain of the household as a reward. She would keep Dawa’s great grandpa in her sleeve for the warmth and fed him with a daily dose of barley flour mixed with a little amount of butter tea. Initially, Dawa did not like to tell this story about his lineage, but with the passage of time, the more he narrated this story, the more he began to believe it himself.

4.      Who is an underdog? What happened when someone became an underdog?

Ans:- A fallen, disgraced leader became an underdog. The former Leader of Warnings and Signals was one such underdog.

Once a leader became an underdog, life was miserable for him. The underdog had no dog rights and completely defenceless. Every dog in that area could abuse and attack him either verbally or physically. They could taunt or tease him and the poor underdog could not even fight back in self-defence. Even puppies and females could attack him in any way they liked. It was really pathetic to see the underdog, the former Leader of Warnings and Signals moving around, keeping a safe distance from the other dogs with fear and terror writ large on his face.

Despite my best attempts, the students of IX E have disappointed me in the Test. We discussed all these questions earlier in the class. I even wrote some of the points on the green board for them. I rebuked them today by saying that if they do not practise answering questions seriously; most of them are not going to do well in the Mid-Year Examination. After the distribution of the test papers, we spent sometime discussing the answers again. Thakur Singh, the class captain, was a bit upset as despite having written some eight points about Dampa (Q.NO. 2), he did not get more than 4 out of 5. I pacified him by telling that in standard-IX, they are supposed to write their answers in paragraphs rather than writing them point wise. As he is good, I asked him not to worry about the marks he secured in the Test.

Finally, I asked the class to try to write down the answer of any 1 of the 4 questions. They were given some 10 minutes for that. I also asked them to try to write the answers to the other questions at home/hostel. The last 10 minutes were spent in listening to their answers and providing feedback.

Chapter-6 (One, Two,Three Passes), 2016

Today, we had the last class on Dawa before the Mid-Term Examination. I told them that a week before the exam, I will try to revise the novel once more, time permitting. But for that they have to wait for a couple of weeks more. Then as they were informed yesterday, the questions from Chapter-6 were written on the green board for them to copy and answer in 30 minutes.

1.      What helped Dawa climb to the top of Pelela?

Answer:- A camp of yak herders helped Dawa to climb to the top of Pelela.

2.      What did Dawa do that he would not have done under ordinary circumstances?

Answer:- Dawa removed the lid of a pan and gobbled up the food made of radish and cheese. Something he would have never done under ordinary circumstances.

3.      What, in Dawa’s opinion, is the most important part of a dog?

Answer:- The tail, in Dawa’s  opinion, is the most important part of a dog.

4.      Write two things you have learnt about the yak herder dog.

Answer:- She was a beautiful dog with long, lustrous fur that covered her well-shaped body. She had an incredible tail, thick and proud.

5.      How did Dawa feel when he heard the yak herder woman’s exclamations of shock and surprise in the camp?

Answer:- Dawa felt ashamed and guilty to his whole being when he heard the yak herder woman’s exclamations of shock and surprise.

6.      What saved Dawa from the white-spotted dog in the compound of the Chorten?

Answer:-A busload of tourists saved Dawa from the white-spotted dog>

7.      What were some of the words that the tourists used? What do you think they were talking about?

Answer:- ‘Amazing’, ‘Awesome’, ‘Pristine’, and ‘hotspot bio-diversity’ were some of the words that the tourists used. They were either talking about our country or the environment of the place.

8.      What did the woman among them say about Dawa?

Answer:- The woman among the tourists said that Dawa was the ‘strangest-looking dog’ she had ever seen. She also felt that Dawa had the largest dog brain.

9.      What were some of the foods offered by the tourists to Dawa?

Answer:- Some of the foods offered to Dawa by the tourists were – spicy pork, bland chicken, local rice, bread, boiled eggs and chocolate.

10.   What did Dawa see when he arrived in Trongsa?

Answer:- When Dawa arrived in Trongsa, he saw a tiny dog tied to the leg of a bench in front of a shop.

11.   How do you know that the dog was loved and cared?

Answer:- The tiny dog was loved and cared as its fur was cut to keep it cool and it was tied so that it could not run away or get stolen.

12.   How did Dawa feel about the dog?

Answer;- Dawa felt sorry for the dog and pitied it. He thought he was lucky not to have an owner.

13.    How did Dawa feel about the dogs in Trongsa?

Answer:- Dawa felt that the dogs in Trongsa had great opinions about themselves  ( were very proud) and  they would start yelping every time a person tried to enter a shop or a dog came into their view.

14.   Where was Dawa headed?

Answer:- Dawa was headed to Bumthang

Chapter-6 (One, Two, Three Passes), 2016.

Continued from the Summary, 2015.

These days, teaching has been fun like never before. In standard XI, the very idea of the students imagining themselves to be in the Hall, watching the movie entitled “The Ballad of Gelong Sumdar Tashi” was a hit and the way we concluded it in one section, was quite interesting. I told them that as the movie comes to an end, we find Sumdar Tashi dressed in a monk’s robe, retracing his steps towards Punakha. The very handsome, inexperienced teenager at the start of the show, is not the same person any more, especially after his mother’s demise and is grown worldly-wise. Gone is his passion for his wife and child as he has made up his mind to go back to the monastic body in Punakha to spend the rest of his life as a monk. That is where his true calling lies.

Anyway, we are not concerned with the Ballad of Gelong Sumdar Tashi here. So let me get back to Chapter-6 of Dawa, entitled ‘One, Two, Three Passes’. As per my plans, I decided to finish it in two periods. Today’s class was as enjoyable as yesterday’s. As per my plan, we started off with the speech. Then I asked a student to talk about the previous lesson (Recapitulation). I was pleasantly surprised when the students started talking about the picnickers and the tourists in the compound of the chorten. I then read out the rest of the unfinished paragraph, not forgetting to sum up the main points once more.

While talking about John, the photographer, who tried to take Dawa’s photographs and asked Dawa to ‘say cheese’, I told them that ' say cheese’ is an expression used by many while taking others’ photographs. Most probably, they try to get the ones about to be photographed, come out a winner with a pleasing smile. I even posed for them with a winning smile on my face, just to make the idea clear to them. I had a feeling that the class enjoyed it a lot.

While talking about the various foods being offered to Dawa, like spicy pork, chicken, bread and boiled eggs and chocolate, I could not help imparting some values about the last item. I asked them if they liked chocolates and sweets. The whole class answered in unison.. I asked them not to take too many as they are bad for the teeth. I lost half of my teeth by the time I was in my early forties because of the sweets I used to take even then! That’s why, I informed them, you won’t find me smiling ever!

I also kept on asking questions throughout. Something I must have picked up from my Canadian colleague, Mrs. Heather Robertson, when I observed her class. Once we were done with the chapter, I summarized the chapter once more with the help of the students. Next, I asked them to copy the questions from the green board and write their answers at home/hostel. The questions were:

1.      What did Dawa do on entering inside the camp of the yak herder? How did he feel about it afterwards? How would you have done or felt if you were in Dawa’s place?

Ans: (Expected answer) As the climb up on Pelela was a difficult and tiring one, Dawa was hungry when he entered the tent. He went up and sniffed around. Then he pushed the lid of a pot among some other pots and pans and gobbled the food, made of radish and cheese. Dawa, being an intelligent and street-smart dog, kept his eyes and ears open while eating. Hardly had he finished eating when he heard some voices coming from behind and dashed out of the tent.

Later, when he heard the woman exclaiming in shock about the empty pot or his misdeed, Dawa felt extremely ashamed of himself and guilty to the core.

Being a clever dog, I would have done the same thing to satisfy my hunger. After all, who would try to remember good manners and behavior, when he is hungry like Dawa was. I needed to survive and the only way to do so was by gobbling up the unguarded, god-sent food. Just like Dawa did, I would have felt ashamed of myself afterwards. OR.

Though Dawa is one of my favourite characters, I would not have touched the food. I would not have touched the food as it was meant for someone else. Touching the food meant for someone else is considered to be a great sin in our religion. I would never do anything that is against my religion. I would have controlled myself and gone out to look for food on the way. (Open-ended)

2.      Describe the dog Dawa  found in Trongsa and the other dogs.

Ans: The tiny dog was tied to the leg of a bench in front of a shop as Dawa entered the town. The fur of its body had been cropped .But the fur over its ears surprisingly, was not. As a result, it had grown very long, almost touching the ground. The dog also had a bell tinkling around its neck. It was a very strange-looking dog. From the way it was tied and treated, it was obvious that the dog was loved and well taken care of. Dawa wondered if the damche had been stolen from the same house.

Later on, Dawa also found some other tiny dogs tied in a similar fashion. They were very proud of themselves and yelped boisterously at Dawa non-stop. They were the least friendly dogs Dawa had seen anywhere. So Dawa proceeded towards Bumthang without any further delay. Before he left for Bumthang, he could calm one of those dogs down to obtain the information about the way to Bumthang.

As I was coming out of the class, I reminded them that in the next class tomorrow, I would ask them to answer questions from chapter-6. I also told them that this is all we are going to do from Dawa before the Mid-Term Exam. If I continue to teach them after the exam, we will start with chapter-7. It was then that Takur Sing, the class captain was heard saying: Sir, we’d like you to teach us English after the exam …”

“I would love to teach you even after the exam, despite my heavy workload”, I answered back, feeling extremely happy with the way the day had rolled on.

BEGINNING CHAPTER - 5 WITH A NEW OUTLOOK, 2016. (2)

Contd from pg 1/-

A couple of students were absent in the class today due to sickness and a couple more, due to the preparation with their model for the Science Exhibition. So, I decided that instead of continuing with the last 4 pages of Chapter-5, it would be worthwhile to try to keep the students on track and not letting them stray away.

As usual, in the last period, I asked them to try to answer 17 objective type questions from the pages we have done so far, within 30 minutes (they were given 25 minutes though). The total marks for the questions were 20 and most of the questions could be answered in 2/3 words or in 1 sentence at the most. 3 of the questions ( Nos. X, XV and XVI) required to be answered in 2 sentences.

After the given time, I asked them to exchange their Note Books and mark their friends’ copies. I wanted them to ask me, one after another, for the answers, but they did not have time to copy down the questions while writing their answers, so I read out the questions once more in the next 10 minutes and some students raised their hands to give away the answers. It was disheartening to find only 4 students raising their hands frequently.  Anyway, at the end, I found out that Sonam Zangmo A was the only one to have answered all the questions correctly. Well, almost, as she made one mistake. 8 more students got more than 75% and 2 students could not even score 50%!

I reminded them therefore, of the importance of studying the novel seriously line by line and the importance of asking questions even regarding the meaning of unfamiliar words ( flatulent, for example) and expressions. As there was a few minutes still left, I decided to make hay by summarizing the content of the pages done so far once more along with the students. Fortunately, I had forgotten to talk about the role of Gelong Ma Pelmo the first time I was talking about the aged couple in Changangkha Lhakhang, Fortunately, because this made the students to realize the need to write down the points sequentially for exam purposes. I remembered her just in the nick of time to deal with the couple talking about her leprosy more appropriately and how she got cured by meditating in the cave in Tang. One thing I liked about summarizing was the way I tried to include the exact words of the answers to the questions they were asked earlier.

On the whole, the last two days have been quite an enriching and exciting teaching-learning experience for me. And was I not happy not to have wasted a single minute of the instructional time today? God willing, I want the trend to be continued till the end of the academic year.

The following are the questions they were asked in the last period:

       I.          Chapter-5 is entitled ……………………………..? Ans:- Chapter-5 is entitled Dawa Runs Away.

     II.          What was Dawa’s usual place of solace?    Ans:- Dawa’s usual place of solace Is The National Memorial Chorten in Thimphu.

    III.          How did Dawa get mange?  Ans:- Dawa got mange from an unguarded/unprotected encounter with the fluffy dog.

   IV.          Why did that dog never show up any symptoms of mange?  Ans:- The fluffy dog never showed up any symptoms of mange because she was taken to the doctor by her owner for a check-up regularly.

     V.          When did Dawa notice the aged couple sitting near him?  Ans:- Dawa noticed the aged couple sitting near him close to the evening time.

   VI.          What/who were the aged couple talking about?  Ans:- The aged couple was talking about a common friend.

  VII.          What happened to the friend?  Ans:- She was very ill and perhaps dying.

VIII.          Who was Gelong Ma Pelmo? Ans:- She was a princess.

    IX.          What was wrong with her?  Ans:- She had/ suffered from leprosy.

     X.          How was she cured?  Ans:- She cured herself of leprosy by praying and meditating in a cave in Tang for many years.

    XI.          What happened to her finally?  Ans:- She attained enlightenment finally.

  XII.          When the aged couple tried to shoo Dawa away, how did he feel? Ans:- He felt ashamed of himself.

XIII.          What caused Dawa flatulence?  Ans:- Dal with a lot of fried onions caused Dawa flatulence.

XIV.          Why would Dawa not go near Dampa?  Ans:- Dawa would not go near Dampa for the fear of infecting him with mange.

  XV.          What did Dawa ask the teenager dog to tell Dampa?  Ans:- Dawa asked the teenager dog to tell Dampa that a friend wished to see him and he was waiting down there near the steps.

XVI.          What risks Dawa would have to take if he ran away from Thimphu? Ans:- If he ran away from Thimphu, the dogs in his area would chase him and try to kill him. The guard dogs in the other territories would attack him and tear him apart.

XVII.          Where was the black, brown Damche dog born and brought up?  Ans;_ The black, brown damche dog was born and brought up in a loving and caring family in Trongsa.

BEGINNING CHAPTER - 5 WITH A NEW OUTLOOK, 2016.

Today the lesson went off rather well. Yesterday’s Test became null and void due to the Mock Drill on Earthquake. So at the start of the class, I informed them about my intention of conducting it next week. They will have to answer two short questions but the only difference next time will be instead of chapter-4, the questions may be set from any of the chapters done so far.

After the prepared speech delivered by Rinchen Dorji, I started off with a summary of Chapter-4 once more. I asked them then to turn to Chapter-5 and spent some time discussing the topic of the chapter based on the title: Dawa Runs Away. They were mainly talking about his fear of turning out to be an underdog and being ill-treated by the other dogs. I told them they were right but there may be other reasons why Dawa decided to run away. Who knows most probably, he was suffering from a dangerous disease or something. After all, he is no coward.  

Later, when Dawa sought out the Memorial Chorten for solace, as he was suffering from the deadly disease of mange and when he recollected words of the utility of distancing oneself from the crowds at times, I put in my feeling that it is better to distance ourselves from our relatives and friends at times in order to take stock of things.

Sitting under the bush in the compound of the Chorten, as Dawa observed the interactions of the humans and the dogs, he noticed people being phobic of some of the dogs straying on their way, I shared with them my own experience and the resultant phobia of dogs. The year was 2003. I was working at Jakar Higher Secondary School in Bumthang. As I was waiting for the Captain (they were not called Councillors then) to lock up the collapsible gate of the Administrative Building after the Evening Study, suddenly the lights went off, covering the whole area under a blanket of darkness. Luckily, I was staying in the teachers’ quarters, some 1 minute's distance from the Administrative Block. The captain had vanished into thin air by then as I thought it best to hurry up to my place. Two huge black dogs emerged right then in front of me from nowhere. In Bumthang you have this gigantic dogs that look like the bear. I was scared to the pit of my stomach at the very sight of the monsters. I tried to look for a stick or something to save myself. But when fear takes a steady grip on you, your mind does not work sanely any more. I lost my balance up the stiff, narrow path in the half-walk-half-run state and fell face down. I was expecting the Devil disguised as the dogs to tear me apart. Surprisingly, the last of them I saw was both the dogs in the air with their front feet stretched and their mouths snarling and foaming. I do not know why I was spared by them that sinister evening. I only fractured my left hand! But the phobia was their greatest parting gift to me. So, I told the class, it is just natural for many to fear dogs and to try to avoid them at any cost.

When Dawa was saddened by the negative attitude of humans, encouraging their kids to be cruel to animals by kicking the dog out of their way, I did not let go of the chance to impart some values to them as well. One should never be cruel to the other animals in this world. I shared with them the essay we are doing in Class-XI these days. It is about a tribe called the Touaregs living in the Sahara desert. This once upon a time prosperous tribe, who had led a picture perfect life earlier, are starving sans food, sans clothes, sans everything. The only thing they are left with now is their civility. Their civility, kindness and compassion is what makes them unique under the trying circumstances. Despite their poverty and hunger, they make dinner for the author with the meat they have been saving for the harder times! This is what we must be like – gentle, kind, polite and helpful to others even under the most horrid circumstances.

As we got closer to finding out the reason for Dawa getting afflicted with mange – his encounter with ‘the fluffy dog with the fluffiest tail’, I reminded them to be careful while making friends. Someone may smell divine and desirable as a result of wearing a perfume, but from inside s/he may be thoroughly rotten. So, they, especially the girls, need to be very cautious of the charmers, snuggling upto them for the kill.

Finally, when Dawa realized that he had spent the whole day in the chorten, he noticed the elderly couple sitting near him. He also heard them talking about Faith and Miracles. I told them in this context, never to lose faith in God and in their own selves. Faith and miracles, I further added, can work out miracles. Then, all on a sudden, something clicked somewhere in my mind. We hear our Principal Sir, Mr. Namgay Wangchuk, talking about the importance of the Morning Assembly and the Prayer everyday to our students time and again. So here was a chance to tell them to pray more seriously during the prayer time. Even if they find a friend in the next line, chatting animatedly with another friend unseen by the teachers, they should not let themselves be influenced by others and pray with their whole heart. This prayer will stand them in good stead and heal all kinds of wounds – physical, mental and intellectual in due course of time.

I looked at my watch and realized there was still time to do one more paragraph at the cost of not being able to summarize the pages studied together at the end. I asked Sonam Zangmo to continue. The main points could be summarized in the next class. I tried my best to talk about the important points after their readings and explanations. As they seemed to be enjoying the story, why not make hay while the sun shines? The lesson was, to be honest about it, exhausting but enjoyable and that is what counts in the final analysis.

Contd on pg 2/-

Little Things In A Lesson Make A Vast Difference.

Contd from Dawa Gets Panicky.

While answering Q.No.2, Thakur Singh was found to have written the correct points but made it quite lengthy in the process. I asked him to try to keep things simple as the question could have been answered in on sentence:

Dawa was target Number One on the hit list of the Leader of Territories as he had opposed the move to entrust the Leader of Territories with the additional post of the Leader of Population Expansion.

Regarding Q.No.4, the class was informed that so many things can be written about the disgraced Leader of Warnings and Signals like:

ü  Once he was a very popular leader with a huge fan following.

ü  He was then the life of every gathering.

ü  On that fatal day, he was actually entertaining some of his friends,

ü  Now, as an underdog, he can be seen moving about keeping a safe distance from the other dogs.

ü  He is broken in spirit and body.

ü  There is always a look of terror on his face, etc.

For some reasons, I do hope and pray that I was able to get my message across. Tomorrow they will have to answer 2/3 short questions and their papers will be evaluated for the CA (Continuous Assessment) records. This is very important as a certain percentage of the marks they secure in the Class Work, will be added to their Mid-Year marks for English-II.

QUESTIONS;

1. Who were the three most powerful dog leaders of Thimphu? ( For the answer, please refer to the earlier section of this blog) 
2. .Why was Dawa target number one on the hit list of the Leader of Territories? ( Please refer to the earlier section as well)
3. .  Why was the former Leader of Warnings and Signals made to resign? ( The answer has been discussed earlier).
4.  Write two things you have learnt about the former Leader of Warnings and Signals. ( For the answer, refer to the earlier part of this blog).
5. What was the reply when Dawa asked his ardent supporters what they thought about a fallen leader?Ans:- The reply was that a fallen leader should be treated according to the dog rules.
6. What was the only difference between Dawa and the other dog leaders? Ans:- The only difference between Dawa and the other dog leaders was, while the other leaders enjoyed their positions, Dawa worried and fretted about his post. 

As i was coming out of the class, something written above the green board caught my eyes:

ALONE WE ARE MERE DROPS, BUT TOGETHER WE ARE THE MIGHTY OCEAN. How very true!

Dawa Gets Panicky!

One more Wednesday, one more lesson with IX E in the last period. We have already discussed the meaning of ‘the underdog’; the reasons for Dawa’s fear of being eventually an underdog, a fallen, disgraced leader; the pathetic state of the former Leader of Warnings and Signals now reduced to an underdog and the difference between Dawa and the other dog leaders. Though the students were supposed to read Chapter-4 at home, we have spent the last two days going through the chapter, explaining, discussing things. Now it was time to see how much they have learnt from this chapter.

Yesterday, towards the end of the period, I informed them after I had summarized the chapter for them that today I would ask them to answer some questions. I reminded them to go through the chapter at home/hostel once more systematically to be able to answer the questions properly today. They were asked to answer 6 questions accordingly in 25 minutes. All the questions could be answered in one or two sentences at the most. I wrote the questions on the green board and went on to remind them that they would exchange their notebooks after 25 minutes and correct their friends’ answers.

While they got busy answering the questions, I went around monitoring their progress. Looking at how worn out they all were and how intensively they were trying their best to answer the questions,  a strange thought came to my head all on a sudden.  It is very easy for me to ask them to answer questions like that at the end of the day, but they must have gone through a lot during the day. They must have studied and learnt something about at least 6 more subjects in the previous six periods and to be asked to answer 6 more questions must have been quite taxing for them!

I told them at the end of the 25 minutes that one day they could ask me as many questions as they wanted from all the chapters we have covered so far. Then I asked them how many of them couldn't finish answering all the questions in the given time. I was not really surprised to find more than half of the class raise their hands. I told them that in the exams if they are going to answer Set-II questions from any section, they will be given 45 minutes for that. (English Paper-II will have 4 Sections and the students will have to answer either some MCQs and short questions under Set-I or 2 broad questions under Set-II in 45 minutes as the total time allotted for answering all the questions from all 4 Sections are precisely 3 hours.) Then finding the poor response of the students, I changed my mind and asked them not to exchange their notebooks and try to correct their answers by themselves instead. Abinash was eager to answer the first question. Though there was not more than 10 minutes left, I let him. The answer was correct but I told the class to try to answer questions in full sentences. Instead of doing it pointwise, the answer could be written like ( the questions along with the answers are attached at the end for your information) :

The three powerful dog leaders in Thimphu were -

        I.          The Leader of Territories,

       II.          The Leader of Warnings and Signals, and

     III.          The Leader of Howling.

Contd on the next page.